Gynecomastia

Gynecomastia is an abnormal but benign enlargement of breast tissue in men caused by a hormonal imbalance between estrogen and testosterone. It usually appears in both breasts, but in some cases, it can be one-sided, leading to asymmetrical growth.

Gynecomastia is not only a cosmetic issue but may also cause physical discomfort and psychological effects. Men may experience tenderness or pain in the breast area, along with embarrassment and reduced self-confidence. It can occur in newborns, adolescent boys, and older men due to natural hormonal changes. The condition may also be linked to certain medications, lifestyle factors, or underlying health problems.

This condition is common and often mistaken for weight gain, leading to it being overlooked. However, gynecomastia is a clinical condition that should be evaluated. While it is not usually associated with serious illness, it can be challenging for patients to manage. In some cases, it may resolve on its own, while in others, depending on the cause, medical treatment or surgery may be required.

Symptoms of Gynecomastia

The most common cause of gynecomastia is hormonal imbalance. When the balance between the female hormone estrogen and the male hormone testosterone shifts, breast tissue may grow.

Common causes include:

• Puberty: Temporary enlargement due to hormonal changes.

• Aging: May occur due to reduced testosterone levels in older men.

• Medication use: Steroids, certain blood pressure drugs, antidepressants, and antacids may cause gynecomastia as a side effect.

• Obesity: Fat tissue can increase estrogen levels.

• Health conditions: Liver, kidney, thyroid, or endocrine disorders can predispose someone to gynecomastia.

Diagnosis and Evaluation

Diagnosis of gynecomastia requires a careful physical examination. If necessary, hormone tests, ultrasound, or mammography may be used. The key point is determining whether the enlargement is caused by breast tissue or fat accumulation.

Treatment Options

Treatment depends on the patient’s age, underlying cause, and symptoms:

• Watch and wait: In puberty, gynecomastia often resolves naturally.

• Medication: If caused by hormonal imbalance, medical treatment may be prescribed.

• Surgery: If the condition is persistent and severe, surgery may be performed, usually through liposuction (fat removal) or excision of glandular tissue.

Psychological and Social Effects

Gynecomastia can also affect mental well-being. In young men, it may lead to low self-esteem, social withdrawal, and reduced quality of life. For this reason, its management is important not only for cosmetic concerns but also for psychological well-being.